Notes on Italy

banking system - founded in Florence by the Medici family

Holy Roman Empire - way back in the early middle ages, western Europe and central Europe were completely fractured became the Roman Empire had fallen apart. When the Roman Empire fell, the whole area went into disarray. People clustered closer together with one another. In 800, the Pope sees that he has this huge area of central Europe that is a mess so he wants to centralize some control. He appoint Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Empire. The are of the Holy Roman Empire

Medici

-huge patrons of the arts

-some became Popes

Art

-a lot of the art was the same

-Giotto

• first painter to really break out from that style of painting into something new. He starts painting on walls of the churches. This is fresco painting.
• painted scenes, instead of just people

-Fra Angelico

• Monk
• His name means brother Angelica
• More detail

Brunelleschi

• Learned how to build the dome for the Florence Cathedral
• Ideas were difficult to understand
• Style was unorthodox
• Vision was to resurrect forgotten concepts of the past
• Using classical orders of architecture
• He would spark an architectural revolution across Europe
• Set to work on the dome and Cozimo would publically support him
• He was fearful his ideas would be stolen so he wrote in code
• Would have to rewrite the rules of western architecture and there was no certainty of succes
• For inspiration he turned to Rome
• Parthenon inspired him

Cosimo

• Wanted to build the biggest dome on the Florence Cathedral
• Giovanni was the guy who really began this dynasty
• Head of the Medici
• Nothing would please Cosimo's enemies more than to see Brunelleschi fail
• The Medici was against the Albizzi family
• Became in grave danger
• His family was terrified that they would never see him again
• Cosimo was found guilty after a vote was taken
• Papacy saved Cosimo
• He survived but the family was banished
• Brunelleschi was thrown into jail
• Accepted control of the city of Florence
• Money began to flood back into Florence and work on the dome began again
• Pope opened huge credit line for the Medici
• Medici bank was now the most profitable business in Europe

Machiovelli

• Based in Florence most of his life
• His career is at the beginning of political science
• Most know for the Prince written in 1513 but it wasn't published until after his death
• Born into a wealthy family, one of the leading in Florence
• His father was a lawyer
• Florence was being run and fought over by the powerful families
• There are also outside pressure

Notes on Elizabeth I

1. Ruled England for 44 years, one of the longest reigns in English history
2. Embraced the conflict of being a monarch and a woman
3. Her name inspired the Elizabethan age
4. Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII
5. Henry and Anne were secretly married when Anne was six months pregnant
6. Mary and Elizabeth were enemies because of their mothers
7. 1534 - law was passed that future heirs that were legitimate were those birthed by Anne
8. Anne miscarried a son and Henry made a plan to dispose of her
9. Anne was found guilty at a trial for adultery and sentenced to death
10. Henry married Jane Seymour
11. In1537, Jane gave birth to Edward, the long awaited prince - she dies shortly afterword
12. Very smart and fascinated by her father's wealth and power
13. Heir to the throne was Edward VI, and Elizabeth was 14
14. Her future was more uncertain then ever before
15. Edward was too young to rule so Henry set up a regency, and Seymour Edward's uncle became ruler for the regency
16. Seymour moved in with Katherine Parre and Elizabeth and he began to sexually abuse Elizabeth, causing Katherine to eventually put a stop to it
17. Soon after, Katherine died in childbirth
18. Seymour pursued Elizabeth even more and it was rumored that she was pregnant by him, but she dismissed these rumors
19. Elizabeth's brother Charles would not talk to Elizabeth
20. Appeared in black and white, colors that appeared to posses magical qualities
21. Seymour was executed
22. Edward became sick and died
23. Knew she was next in line for the throne after Mary
24. Elizabeth became more popular when Mary was going to marry Philip of Spain
25. Mary wanted to turn England back into a Catholic nation so she burned people who refused to change from Protestantism
26. Mary places Elizabeth in house arrest
27. Mary and Elizabeth had to be reconciled
28. Philip returned to Spain, losing interest in his wife
29. Mary allowed Elizabeth to be queen as long as she left England as a Catholic nation and paid off her debts
30. Mary died and Elizabeth became queen at age 25
31. Believed she had been chosen by God to be the queen
32. Refused to get married and surrender her independence
33. Dudley had a good relationship with Elizabeth but he was married
34. He killed his wife and Elizabeth sent him away from the court
35. Elizabeth became ill with smallpox
36. Mary Queen of Scots was Elizabeth's cousin
37. Mary fled to England from the protestants in her country
38. Mary was Elizabeth's prisoner for 19 years
39. Could not bring herself to kill Mary
40. Mary was convicted with a conspiracy to kill Elizabeth, so she was executed
41. Elizabethan Age began
42. Elizabeth was the virgin queen
43. Sir Francis Drake sailed around the globe
44. Sir Walter Raleigh found Virginia
45. Dudley died but was the love of Elizabeth's life
46. Robert Deveroux - early of Essex - he was fifteen and she was 53 - he was the stepson of Robert Dudley
47. He abused her and she still loved him
48. He was tried for treason and condemned to death
49. Elizabeth knew the end was near and decided that James VI would succeed her
50. She died when she was 69
51. James VI of Scotland took place as king of England