Mazzini, Garibaldi, and French Revolutionaries Free Response

Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.

Mazzini Garibaldi contributed to the unification of Italy in the 19^th century. French revolutionaries during the French Revolution tried to overthrow power and gain rights for the people. The French Revolution could be seen as being similar to the Egyptian revolution that occurred in February 2011. Mazzini and Garibaldi were interested in conquering and unifying Italy rather than holding a revolution, while the French revolutionaries were going against Louis XVI and wanting rights for the people in France.

Garibaldi had the spirit of Mazzini and carried on his traits throughout the 19^th century. Garibaldi revolutionized by holding control and making alliances that would better Italy. He allied quickly with different countries, such as Austria. Garibaldi was a smart man working slowly and efficiently to keep Italy under control and ultimately unify the industrialized north and the agricultural south, although they would not be geographically unified because the papal states were separating them. Garibaldi was not trying to eradicate a ruler. Garibaldi was a single force working to revolutionize, although Emmanuel and Cavour were also trying to unify Italy, while the French revolutionaries were a group of people trying to overthrow the power of Louis XVI.

The French Revolution was about overthrowing the dominant power in France, Louis XVI. The French protested and fought so that the rights of the common people were protected. The French Revolution can be looked at as being similar to the Egyptian revolution in 2011 when the Egyptians overthrew their controller, Mubarak. The French people rallied and protested, which is nothing like Mazzini or Garibaldi. Garibaldi’s way of being a smart revolutionary was to make alliances that would help him keep the French away and the Vatican and Pope’s control limited. The people were rallying together in order to overthrow one dominant force, while Garibaldi was not trying to overthrow anyone because he enough power and was not against Victor Emmanuel or Cavour.

Garibaldi carried out Mazzini’s wishes in Italy. Another man was trying to unify Italy along with Garibaldi, and that was Emmanuel, who ended up becoming King of Italy when Italy was unified. Garibaldi worked without harm to the Italian people; he actually did more good than harm by finally unifying the country into one. In the French Revolution, it was the people revolting against their leader, causing much upheaval and confusion in France. It was all against one, while Garibaldi was not specifically against any one person. Garibaldi worked seamlessly and without much disturbance. He was trying to do a good thing for Italy by unifying the north and south into one country. The French revolutionaries were trying to do a good thing for their country as well, gaining freedom and rights, and in this way the French revolutionaries and Garibaldi are similar.

The French revolutionaries and Garibaldi and Mazzini were really trying to do two different things. While Mazzini and Garibaldi wanted to unify Italy and create a relationship between the north and south, excluding the Vatican, the French revolutionaries wanted to overthrow Louis XVI in an attempt to bring good for the common people, just like the Egyptian revolution of 2011. The revolutionaries in France compared to Garibaldi and Mazzini had very different views on revolutionizing.

Final Draft of Formal Outline

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Unit Four Review Questions P. 174

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Romanticism Free Response

Romanticism came as a result of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. Romantic thinkers rebelled against the neo-classic mindset and the way that scientists and philosophers wanted an answer to everything. The Enlightenment thinkers wanted an explanation as to how everything goes on, while Romantics explored all that cannot be measured or scientifically figured out. Romantic views challenged Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world by not wanting to seek an answer, rather exploring the unexplainable in the world, and this illustrated changes from Enlightenment to Romantic views of the relationship between God and individuals because poets such a Byron, Shelley, and Keats were able to express their disbelief in God and their personal feelings towards nature and passion.

The Enlightenment thinkers were very much set on fact and the literal meaning and explanations of science and mathematics. Romantic thinkers rebelled against Enlightenment thoughts in order to express individual feelings and opinions and break away from doing things specifically for the Church or state. Enlightenment thinkers were not worried about ideas or abstract things. If they were looking at nature, they wanted to know why and how things were happening. Romantics were not like that. In Literature, one of the first Romantic works was produced by Coleridge and Wordsworth. They set the tone for the writing that could now be done in the Romantic period. Writers, poets, and musicians were able to focus on personal feelings rather than science and mathematics. Poets such as Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, and Keats were able to become in tune with their lonely and deep side, which made them very popular. One of their most revered attributes was the fact that they talked about the unexplainable: nature, personal feelings, relationships, and love. One poem that displays the ability of poets to honor nature is The Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth. This poem expressed the way that Wordsworth viewed an old abbey, and it did not need to have any explanation or format; he could write it because it was what he was feeling at the moment. This was one of the highlights of the Romantic period, being able to express thoughts and feelings.

The Romantic period was a time when Romantics broke away from the Church and state in the sense that they were writing and producing music for themselves and not for the approval of the Church or state. In this way, some Romantics abandoned God. They were able to become in tune with their dark side, and they were able to question whether or not God existed. Music changed from the Enlightenment to the Romantic period by becoming less strategically planned and instead appealing to one’s emotions. Composers such as Beethoven and Liszt began composing music that expressed emotion and feeling. These pieces did not have to be created a certain way because these composers were only writing these pieces in result of how they personally felt. Because nothing had to be made for the Church, Romantics were able to free themselves from including God in their work. Byron, Keets, and Shelley expressed dark views on life, leading one to believe that they did not find God to be present in their lives. Romantic literature, music, and poetry allowed Romantics to express deeper views on the world, nature, and feelings than they ever could before, and if they were reaching into these deep and dark places, they were leaving God behind.

A dark side of poetry came about during the Romantic period. Gothic views were taken on by writers such as Percy Shelley’s second wife in Frankenstein. Another work where gothic views are seen is The Hunchback of Notre Dame. These books expressed supernatural creatures that would have been unexplainable and unheard of by Enlightenment thinkers. The gothic period during Romanticism suggest that these writers were not focusing on God and his powers, but rather supernatural powers and far-off ideas. These works, Franestein and The Hunchback of Notre Dame, demonstrated the fact that explained ideas were not being utilized during the Romantic age, but rather imagination and abstract thoughts.

The main difference between the Enlightenment and the Romantic age is that Romantics were able to express their own personal feelings and thoughts without having to conform to Church or state standards. They could choose to stay with God or leave God in their writings, and as explained before, many seemed to become dark and serious into a depressing state where faith was not found. Romantics were focused on exploring the unexplainable and personalizing all of the music, art, literature, and poetry they did.